Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Modulate Gene Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with head and neck cancer receive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs concomitant with oncogenic treatment in order to control cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammation is closely related to neoplastic development and the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines represents a crucial event in this relationship. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and celecoxib treatment in the gene expression pattern of cytokines and chemokines in squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were treated with plasmatic concentrations of ASA and celecoxib and were submitted to cell viability assay and immunoenzymatic assay to investigate interleukin 6 (IL6) production. Treated cells were collected and a gene expression array was performed using the reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Both treatments provoked a discrete inhibitory effect on cell viability and modulated IL6 production. The mRNA expression of several cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and other chemotaxis-related genes were modulated after treatment with ASA and celecoxib. CONCLUSION: Plasmatic doses of ASA and celecoxib altered the expression of IL6 and the gene expression of chemokines (ligands and receptors) and cytokines in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

DNA methyltransferase immunohistochemical expression in odontogenic tumours.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic tumours are a heterogeneous group of lesions formed from tissues that give rise to the tooth. DNA methylation, a covalent addition of a methyl group to the 5-carbon position of a cytosine nucleotide, is considered an important regulator of gene expression. The addition of the methyl radical is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Although some epigenetic studies have been conducted in odontogenic tumours, a study with the three types of DNMTs in several different members of this group is missing. This study analyses the expression of DNMTs in odontogenic tumours. METHODS: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 20 ameloblastomas, 10 calcifying cystic odontogenic tumours, 10 calcifying epithelial tumours, 10 adenomatoid odontogenic tumours, 10 keratocystic odontogenic tumours, five ameloblastic fibromas, two ameloblastic fibro-odontomas, four central odontogenic fibromas, seven peripheral odontogenic fibromas and 10 odontogenic myxomas were included. Immunohistochemical expression of DNMT1, 3A and 3B was assessed using a semi-quantitative analysis, and also a correlation with p21, p27 and E-cadherin immunoexpression was made. RESULTS: DNMT1, 3A and 3B were expressed in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of all odontogenic tumours. DNMT1 expression was directly correlated with p27 expression in ameloblastomas. CONCLUSION: The high expression of DNMTs in odontogenic tumour cells suggests methylation as an important mechanism for this group of tumours.

Alterações genéticas, epigenéticas e funcionais dos genes homeobox em carcinoma epidermoide de boca / Genetic, epigenetic and functional alterations of homeobox genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Os genes homeobox atuam como reguladores da morfogênese e diferenciação celular embrionária, portanto, é evidente a possibilidade de sua expressão anormal estar presente na progressão de tumores. Estudos preliminares em nosso laboratório verificaram a participação de alguns genes homeobox em carcinoma epidermóide de boca (CEB). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a amplificação, expressão e o perfil de metilação dos genes HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB5, HOXB13, HOXC12 em linhagem celular derivadas de CEB e tecidos frescos tumoral e não-tumoral. Além disso, verificar o efeito da desmetilação na expressão gênica de linhagens celulares que apresentaram genes 100% metilados e a participação das enzimas responsáveis pela metilação do DNA, bem como a expressão das DNAmetiltransferases (DNMT) nos tumores. A análise de amplificação do DNA e expressão de mRNA foi realizada por qRT-PCR. O perfil de metilação foi avaliada pelo sistema PCR Array e a análise proteica das DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b e HOXA9 foi verificada por meio de reações imunohistoquímicas. As linhagens celulares SCC4 e SCC9 foram utilizadas para análise de desmetilação com 5-aza-2'-deoxicitidina e a linhagem SCC4 para avaliar os efeitos do aumento de expressão do HOXA9, na proliferação celular por imunocitoquimica para Ki67, migração celular por transwell e apoptose pela avaliação de células positivas no ensaio de TUNEL. Na comparação entre os grupos, o gene HOXA5 apresentou-se amplificado na margem em relação ao tumor; o HOXA9 apresentou nível de metilação aumentada no tumor; o HOXB5 com amplificação maior na margem, com nível de expressão do mRNA aumentada nos tumores, e nível de metilação do tumor maior em relação a margem, sendo correlacionada com menor sobrevida; HOXB13 se apresentou amplificado no tumor em relação a margem, e com nível de metilação maior nos tumores e,

HOXC12 com níveis de metilação maior nos tumores em relação a margem. É interessante, que os mesmos genes que tiveram níveis de metilação aumentados nos tumores em relação a margem, também estavam 100% metilados nas linhagens celulares SCC4 e SCC9 e tiveram sua expressão restaurada após o tratamento com 5-aza-2´-deoxicitina. Na avaliação do nível de expressão das DNMTs nos tumores, a DNMT3b apresentou-se com níveis aumentados em relação a DNMT1 e DNMT3a, e quando avaliado em nível proteico, a DNMT3a pode ser correlacionada com melhor sobrevida. O aumento da expressão do gene HOXA9 mostrou diminuição da migração celular, porém não alterou a proliferação e apoptose celular. A expressão proteica não apresentou correlação com parâmetros clínicos. Em conclusão, os resultados mostram que os genes homeobox estudados estão pouco metilados nas linhagens celulares e em tecidos de CEB. A amplificação desses genes não é um evento frequente. O gene HOXA9 é pouco expresso no tumor, e o aumento da sua expressão em linhagens celulares diminui a migração celular.

Homeobox genes are important as morphogenetic and embrionary cellular differentiation regulators, therefore there is basis for their abnormal expression in tumor progression. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have shown that homeobox genes are dysregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study evaluates the genomic amplification, mRNA expression and methylation status of HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB5, HOXB13, HOXC12 in squamous cell carcinoma derived cell lines, and fresh tumor tissue. Also, analyzes the demethylation effect in gene expression of cell lines with genes showing 100% methylation, and the participation of enzymes responsible for DNA methylation, DNAmetiltransferases (DNMT), in gene and protein expression in tumors. DNA amplification and mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The methylation profile was evaluated by PCR Array System and DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b and HOXA9 protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry. SCC4 and SCC9 cell lines were submitted to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine for demethylation analysis. SCC4 cell lineage was analyzed by immunocytochemistry for Ki67, cell migration by transwell and apoptosis by TUNEL test after increased expression of HOXA9. HOXA5 gene was amplified in the adjacent margin when compared with the tumor; HOXA9 showed increased level of methylation in tumor; HOXB5 showed amplification in the margin, increased mRNA expression in tumors, increased methylation level and was

correlated with decreased survival; HOXB13 was amplified in tumor samples when compared to the margins and also higher methylation level in tumors; and HOXC12 also showed increased methylation levels in tumors when compared to margin. Interestingly, the same genes with increased methylation levels in tumors, were also 100% methylated in cell lines SCC4 and SCC9. The expression of these gens was restored after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. DNMT3b presented higher levels of protein expression relative to DNMT1 and DNMT3a. DNMT3a protein expression was correlated with improved survival. SCC4 cells overexpressing HOXA9 gene showed decreased cell migration, with no effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis. HOXA9 protein expression was not correlated with clinical parameters. In conclusion, the results shows that homeobox genes are methylated in some OSCC cell lines and tissues. Amplification of these genes is not a frequent event. HOXA9 gene has low expression in OSCC, and when overexpressed in cell lines decreases cell migration.

Alterações genéticas, epigenéticas e funcionais dos genes homeobox em carcinoma epidermoide de boca / Genetic, epigenetic and functional alterations of homeobox genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Os genes homeobox atuam como reguladores da morfogênese e diferenciação celular embrionária, portanto, é evidente a possibilidade de sua expressão anormal estar presente na progressão de tumores. Estudos preliminares em nosso laboratório verificaram a participação de alguns genes homeobox em carcinoma epidermóide de boca (CEB). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a amplificação, expressão e o perfil de metilação dos genes HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB5, HOXB13, HOXC12 em linhagem celular derivadas de CEB e tecidos frescos tumoral e não-tumoral. Além disso, verificar o efeito da desmetilação na expressão gênica de linhagens celulares que apresentaram genes 100% metilados e a participação das enzimas responsáveis pela metilação do DNA, bem como a expressão das DNAmetiltransferases (DNMT) nos tumores. A análise de amplificação do DNA e expressão de mRNA foi realizada por qRT-PCR. O perfil de metilação foi avaliada pelo sistema PCR Array e a análise proteica das DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b e HOXA9 foi verificada por meio de reações imunohistoquímicas. As linhagens celulares SCC4 e SCC9 foram utilizadas para análise de desmetilação com 5-aza-2'-deoxicitidina e a linhagem SCC4 para avaliar os efeitos do aumento de expressão do HOXA9, na proliferação celular por imunocitoquimica para Ki67, migração celular por transwell e apoptose pela avaliação de células positivas no ensaio de TUNEL. Na comparação entre os grupos, o gene HOXA5 apresentou-se amplificado na margem em relação ao tumor; o HOXA9 apresentou nível de metilação aumentada no tumor; o HOXB5 com amplificação maior na margem, com nível de expressão do mRNA aumentada nos tumores, e nível de metilação do tumor maior em relação a margem, sendo correlacionada com menor sobrevida; HOXB13 se apresentou amplificado no tumor em relação a margem, e com nível de metilação maior nos tumores e, HOXC12 com níveis de metilação maior nos tumores em relação a margem. É interessante, que os mesmos genes que tiveram níveis de metilação aumentados nos tumores em relação a margem, também estavam 100% metilados nas linhagens celulares SCC4 e SCC9 e tiveram sua expressão restaurada após o tratamento com 5-aza-2´-deoxicitina. Na avaliação do nível de expressão das DNMTs nos tumores, a DNMT3b apresentou-se com níveis aumentados em relação a DNMT1 e DNMT3a, e quando avaliado em nível proteico, a DNMT3a pode ser correlacionada com melhor sobrevida. O aumento da expressão do gene HOXA9 mostrou diminuição da migração celular, porém não alterou a proliferação e apoptose celular. A expressão proteica não apresentou correlação com parâmetros clínicos. Em conclusão, os resultados mostram que os genes homeobox estudados estão pouco metilados nas linhagens celulares e em tecidos de CEB. A amplificação desses genes não é um evento frequente. O gene HOXA9 é pouco expresso no tumor, e o aumento da sua expressão em linhagens celulares diminui a migração celular.

Homeobox genes are important as morphogenetic and embrionary cellular differentiation regulators, therefore there is basis for their abnormal expression in tumor progression. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have shown that homeobox genes are dysregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study evaluates the genomic amplification, mRNA expression and methylation status of HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB5, HOXB13, HOXC12 in squamous cell carcinoma derived cell lines, and fresh tumor tissue. Also, analyzes the demethylation effect in gene expression of cell lines with genes showing 100% methylation, and the participation of enzymes responsible for DNA methylation, DNAmetiltransferases (DNMT), in gene and protein expression in tumors. DNA amplification and mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The methylation profile was evaluated by PCR Array System and DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b and HOXA9 protein expression was verified by immunohistochemistry. SCC4 and SCC9 cell lines were submitted to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine for demethylation analysis. SCC4 cell lineage was analyzed by immunocytochemistry for Ki67, cell migration by transwell and apoptosis by TUNEL test after increased expression of HOXA9. HOXA5 gene was amplified in the adjacent margin when compared with the tumor; HOXA9 showed increased level of methylation in tumor; HOXB5 showed amplification in the margin, increased mRNA expression in tumors, increased methylation level and wascorrelated with decreased survival; HOXB13 was amplified in tumor samples when compared to the margins and also higher methylation level in tumors; and HOXC12 also showed increased methylation levels in tumors when compared to margin. Interestingly, the same genes with increased methylation levels in tumors, were also 100% methylated in cell lines SCC4 and SCC9. The expression of these gens was restored after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. DNMT3b presented higher levels of protein expression relative to DNMT1 and DNMT3a. DNMT3a protein expression was correlated with improved survival. SCC4 cells overexpressing HOXA9 gene showed decreased cell migration, with no effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis. HOXA9 protein expression was not correlated with clinical parameters. In conclusion, the results shows that homeobox genes are methylated in some OSCC cell lines and tissues. Amplification of these genes is not a frequent event. HOXA9 gene has low expression in OSCC, and when overexpressed in cell lines decreases cell migration.

Epigenetic repression of HOXB cluster in oral cancer cell lines.

OBJECTIVE: Aberrant DNA methylation is a fundamental transcriptional control mechanism in carcinogenesis. The expression of homeobox genes is usually controlled by an epigenetic mechanism, such as the methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region. The aim of this study was to describe the differential methylation pattern of HOX genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines and transcript status in a group of hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes. DESIGN: Quantitative analysis of DNA methylation was performed on two OSCC cell lines (SCC4 and SCC9) using a method denominated Human Homeobox Genes EpiTect Methyl qPCR Arrays, which allowed fast, precise methylation detection of 24 HOX specific genes without bisulfite conversion. RESULTS: Methylation greater than 50% was detected in HOXA11, HOXA6, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB1, HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXB4, HOXB5, HOXB6, HOXC8 and HOXD10. Both cell lines demonstrated similar hypermethylation status for eight HOX genes. A similar pattern of promoter hypermethylation and hypomethylation was demonstrated for the HOXB cluster and HOXA cluster, respectively. Moreover, the hypermethylation profile of the HOXB cluster, especially HOXB4, was correlated with decreased transcript expression, which was restored following treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. CONCLUSIONS: The homeobox methylation profile in OSCC cell lines is consistent with an epigenetic biomarker.

Effects of Chamomilla recutita (L. ) on oral wound healing in rats

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Chamomilla recutita on the healing of ulcersin rats.Study Design. A 5-mm wound was inflicted on the tongue of 36 rats. Treatment group animals were treated topicallywith 0.04 mL/day of chamomile ointment, whereas control group animals were not treated. Animals weresacrificed after 3, 7 or 10 days. Semi-quantitative analysis of the degree of inflammation, fibroblast count andwound size was performed, as well as histometric analysis of re-epithelialization and percentage of collagen fibersof the lesion.Results. Animals treated with chamomile showed the best results regarding epithelialization and percentage ofcollagen fibers after 10 days. As expected, time had a statistically significant effect (p< 0.05) on fibroblast count,epithelialization, inflammation and wound size; animals sacrificed at 3 days showed the worst results.Conclusions. Chamomile stimulated re-epithelialization and the formation of collagen fibers after 10 days oftreatment; it did not, however, influence inflammation or fibroblast count (AU)

No disponible

Effects of Chamomilla recutita (L.) on oral wound healing in rats.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Chamomilla recutita on the healing of ulcers in rats. STUDY DESIGN: A 5-mm wound was inflicted on the tongue of 36 rats. Treatment group animals were treated topically with 0.04 mL/day of chamomile ointment, whereas control group animals were not treated. Animals were sacrificed after 3, 7 or 10 days. Semi-quantitative analysis of the degree of inflammation, fibroblast count and wound size was performed, as well as histometric analysis of re-epithelialization and percentage of collagen fibers of the lesion. RESULTS: Animals treated with chamomile showed the best results regarding epithelialization and percentage of collagen fibers after 10 days. As expected, time had a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) on fibroblast count, epithelialization, inflammation and wound size; animals sacrificed at 3 days showed the worst results. CONCLUSIONS: Chamomile stimulated re-epithelialization and the formation of collagen fibers after 10 days of treatment; it did not, however, influence inflammation or fibroblast count.